Grade - 9 (science) :- Classification of Plants and Animals

                      Unit – 16     Classification of Plants and Animals

Classification :The process of grouping  of the living being into various groups and sub groups on the basis of similar and dissimilar characteristics is called classification .

Importance of classification :

i)It makes the study of plants and animals easier ,scientific and systematic .

ii)It help the understand the relation between various group of plants and animals .

iv)It gives the ideas about the evolution of plants and animals .

v)It help to brings uniformity in the  study of living organism all over the world .

Nomenclature :The system of providing scientific name to all the  living organism is called nomenclature .

Binomial system of nomenclature :The naming of each organism by two words a generic name and specific name is known as binomial system of nomenclature .For example :scientific name of human being is Homo sapiens ,where Home is the name of the genus and sapiens is the name of species .

Genus :A genus is the closely related species .For example :All true cats like lion ,tiger,and domestic cats are kept in the genus Panthera or Felis .

Species : The closely related organisms having almost similar characteristics ,and can interbreed freely and produce  healthy offspring is called species. For example : All types of human being through out the world are kept in

same species i.e. sapiens

Scientific name of some common organism

Common name                               Scientific name

1.Pea plant                           Pisum satvum

2.Onion                                 Alium  cepia

3.Mango                               Mangifera indica

4.Wheat                                Triticum astivum

5.Soya bean                         Glylcine max

6.Sun flower                        Helianthus annus

7.Rice                                     Oryza sativa

8.Orange                              Citrus sinensis

9.Papaya                              Carica lupus

10. Tiger                               Panthera Tigris

11. Fox                                  Vulpes vulpes

12Horse                                Equus caballus

13. Buffalow                                    Babalus bubalis

14. Cat                                   Felis domesticus

15. Cobra                             Naja naja

16. Lion                                 Panthera leo

17. Tiger                               Panthera Tigris

18. Horse                              Equus caballus

 Two system of classification of organism :Carolous Linnaeus divided living organism into two kingdom i.e. 1)Plant kingdom   2.)Animal kingdom .This is known as two system of classification of organism .It is  also called oldest system of classification .

Drawbacks of two system of classification of organism :

i)Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are put together .

ii)Green and non green plant are put together .

iii) Bacteria could not be classified as plants or animals in two system of classification .

Five system of classification of organisms : American scientist Robert H. Whitaker divided living organism into five into five kingdom .This is known as five system of classification .It is also regarded as best and widely accepted classification of system .

Advantages of five system of classification of organisms :

i)Eukaryotes and prokaryotes are kept separately .

ii)The unicellular and multi cellular are kept separately .

iii) The green and non green plants are kept separately .

A.1) Kingdom Monera

B.2) Kingdom Protista

C.3)  Kingdom Fungi

D.4) Kingdom animalia

E.5)  Kingdom plantae

A.)Kingdom Monera :

Characteristics :

i)They are simple and primitive .

ii)They are prokaryotes because they do not have nucleus or cell organelles i.e. mitochondria, golgi bodies, chloroplast.

iii)They are unicellular and microscopic.

iv) They have naked D.N.A.

v)They are autotrophic or heterotrophic .

For example : Bacteria ,green algae ,azobactor et

             
             Fig. Bacteria                                                                            Fig. Green algae

                                                                                   

B.)Kingdom protista

Characteristics

i) They are eukaryotes because they  have nucleus or cell organelles i.e. mitochondria, golgi bodies, chloroplast.

ii)They are unicellular and microscopic.

iii)They are autotrophic or heterotrophic .

For example :Amoeba, paramecium, euglena ,plasmodium etc.

           
                                                                                                            Fig. Amoeba             

                                                                                                                

                                                              Fig.  Euglena

C.) kingdom Fungi

Characteristics

i.)They are eukaryotes because they  have nucleus or cell organelles i.e. mitochondria, golgi bodies, chloroplast.

ii.)They are non green unicellular or multi cellular.

iii)They are heterotrophic .

For example :Yeast, mushroom ,mucor etc

                   
                       Fig. Mucor                                                               Fig. Mushroom

D.) Kingdom plantae

 1.)Division –Algae

Characteristics :

i)They are green autotrophic due to presence of chlorophyll .

ii)They are mostly aquatic .

iii)They store food in the form starch .

iv)They are unicellular or multi-cellular.

v)They have cell wall made of from cellulose .

For example :Spirogyra, volvox, chalmydomonas ,ulothrix, etc .                    

                        
                                                                                                                  Fig. Spyrogyra
      2.)Division :Bryophyta

Characteristics :

i)They are multi cellular plants .

ii)They mostly grow in moist and shady places .

iii)They are green autotrophic due to presence of chlorophyll.

iv)They requires water for fertilization so also called amphibian plants .

v)They show alternation of generation in their life cycle i.e. saprophyte  and gametophyte .

vi)They are green autotrophic due to presence of chlorophyll .

For example :Moss , liver worts , marchantia ,riccia,  etc.

                   
                                                                                                                Fig.  Riccia

   Division :Trachaeophyta

Characteristics :

i) They are green autotrophic due to presence of

chlorophyll .

ii)They have vascular tissues i.e. xylem and phloem.

iii)The plant body is well develop.i.e. differentiae into root stem and leaf .

iv)They are mostly terrestrial .

v)The division trachaeophyta is divided into three sub-division :i)Pteridophyta   ii)Gymnosperm  iii)Angiosperm

1.)Sub-division :Pteridophyta

Characteristics :

i) They are green autotrophic due to presence of

chlorophyll .

ii)They have vascular tissues i.e. xylem and phloem.

iii)The plant body is well develop.i.e. differentiae into root stem and leaf .

iv)They mostly grow in moist ,shady, and cool places .

For example :Fern ,Lycopodium ,horsetail, selaginella etc.

                   

                Fig. Fern                                                                             Fig. Horse  tail

2.)Sub –division :Gymnosperm

 Characteristics :

i)Plants are commonly trees or shrubs .

ii)They are cone bearing plants .

iii)They have naked seeds, which are  not enclosed in fruits .

iv)Leaves are long or needle shaped .

v)They have unisexual  flower .

vi) They have vascular tissues i.e. xylem and phloem.

For example :Cycas ,pinus etc. 

                
                          Fig. Pinus                                                                            Fig. Cycus

 3.)Sub division –Angiosperm

Characteristics :

i)They are found in water and land.

ii) They have vascular tissues i.e. xylem and phloem.

iii)They have well develop flower and fruit .

iv)The seeds are enclosed inside fruits .

v)They have unisexual bisexual flower .

vi)The sub division angiosperm on basis of present of cotyledon on their seeds  is also divided into two classes :a)Monocotyledon   b)Di cotyledon

a)Class -Mono cotyledon: The plants which contains only one cotyledon in their seeds are called monocotyledon plants .  

Characteristics :

i)They have only one cotyledon in their seeds .

ii)They have adventitious or fibrous root system.

iii)They have parallel venation in their leaves  .

iv)Vascular  bundles re scattered in the stem .

v) They are usually non-woody plants.

For example :wheat ,barley, bamboo, sugarcane ,onion, garlic etc.                    
          

                           Fig .  Showing monocotyledon  roots and seed

b) Class –Di cotyledon: The plants which contains two cotyledon in their seeds are called Di cotyledon plants .

Characteristics :

i)They have two cotyledon in their seeds .

ii)They have tap root system .

iii)They have reticulate venation in their seeds .

iv)Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring structure around the stem .

v) They are usually woody plants

For examples :Pea, gram, bean, orange, mustard etc.

                           
              
                                      Fig. Showing dicotyledon root, seed, and leaf

 5.)Kingdom-Animalia

B.)Sub Kingdom-Vertebrate

A.)Sub kingdom-Invertebrate:The animal which does not contains vertebral column is called invertebrate .Invertebrates are divided into 8 phylum :

1.)Porifera :

Characteristics :

i)They are aquatic ,mostly marine.

ii)They do not move from one place to another place ,so they are called sessile.

iii)They bears numerous pores to their body i.e. small pores are called ostia, and large pores are called osculum. Water enters to their body through ostia and leaves through osculum.

iv)They are simplest, multicellular, diploblastic i.e. body consist of 2 layers i)ectoderm ii)endoderm.

v)They are hermaphrodite i.e body bears both male and female sex.

For example : Sycon, spongilla, sponge .

                  
     Fig. Sycon                                                                                         Fig .Spongila

2.)Coelenterata :

Characteristics :

i)They are aquatic ,mostly marine.

ii)They have hollow internal cavity is called coelenterons.

iii)They are multi cellular and diploblastic .

iv)Tentacles are present in the mouth that help to capture the prey.

v)They are unisexual or bisexual .

For example :Hydra, Jelly fish, sea anemone, corals .

                  
                Fig. Hydra                                                                            Fig. Jelly fish                                                 

3.)Phylum-Platyhelminthes :

Characteristics :

i)They are mostly parasite .

ii)They are dorso-ventrally flattened like leaf, so also called flat worm

iii)They are triploblastic i.e. body contains three layers  i)ectoderm ii)mesoderm iii)endoderm

iv)The body is bilaterally symmetrical

v)The mouth is surrounded by hooks that help to attachment with host and consist of sucker to absorb blood from host.

vi)They are hermaphrodite  .

For example :Tape worm ,Planeria, Liver fluke etc.     

                 
               Fig. Liver fluke                                                                    Fig.    Tape  worm    

                                            Fig .     Planaria

4.)Nemathelminthes :

Characteristics :

i)They are mostly parasite .

ii)The body is cylindrical ,elongated ,and unsegmented .

iii)The body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic .

iv)They are unisexual .

For example :Round worm, Hookworm etc.

                        
                Fig. Hook worm                                                         Fig .Round worm

5.)Phylum –Annelida

Characteristics :

i)They are mostly aquatic and moist place.

ii)They are cylindrical ,elongated and segmented .

iii)They are hermaphrodite .

iv)The body is triploblastic and bialaterally symmetrical .

For example :Leech, Earthworm, Nereis etc.

                        
            Fig.  Leech                                                     Fig. Earth worm

6.)Phylum-Arthopoda

Characteristics:

i)They are found in air water and land everywhere .It is also called largest phylum of invertebrate .

ii)The body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen but in some head and thorax are fused to form cephalothorax .

iii) The body is triploblastic and bialaterally symmetrical .

iv)The body consist of joint legs .

v)They are unisexual .

vi) The phylum arthropoda is also divided into 4 classes :

For example :Butterfly, Mosquito,Crab, Scorpion etc.

a)Class-Crustacea

Characteristics :

i)They have 5 pairs of legs .

ii)The body is divided into cephalothorax and abdomen .

iii)The head bears two pairs of antennae .

iv)Respiration takes place by gills .

For example :Crab, Prawn etc.

                                                Fig. Prawn

b)Class –Insecta

Characteristics :

i)They have 3 pairs of legs .

ii)Body is divided into head ,thorax and abdomen .

iii)The head bears one pairs of antennae .

iv)Respiration takes place by trachea .

For example .;Mosquito, House fly, Cockroach etc.

                                                            Fig .House fly

c)Class –Arachnida

Characteristics :

i)They have 4 pairs of legs .

ii)The body is divided into cephalothorax and abdomen  .

iii)The bears one pairs of legs .

iv)Respiration takes place by trachea .

For example :Spider, Scorpion ,Mite etc.

                                                    Fig. Spider

d)Class -Myriapoda

Characteristics :

i)They have many pairs of legs.

ii)The body divided into head and trunks .

iii)The bears one pairs of antennae .

iv)Respiration takes place by trachea .

For example :Centipede ,Millipede etc.

7.)Phylum-Mollusca

Characteristics :

i)They are mostly found in aquatic and damp place. It is also called second largest phylum of invertebrate .

ii)The body is soft ,unsegmented ,and covered with hard shell called calcareous shell .

iii)The body is triploblastic ,and bialaterally symmetrical .

iv)Respiration takes place by gills or lungs .

For example :Pila ,Slug, Octopus ,Snail  etc.

                  
                        Fig. Octopus                                                                            Fig. Pila  

8.)Phylum –Echinodermata

Characteristics :

i)They are mostly found in marine .

ii)The body are provided with numerous spines.

iii) The locomotion takes place by tube feet .

iv)They are unisexual .

v)Respiration takes place by gills ,respiratory trees .

For example : Starfish  ,Sea urchin, Sea cucumber, sea lily etc.

B)Sub kingdom :-Vertebrate :It consist of phylum chordate

Phylum : Chordata

Characteristics :i)They possess an unsegmented elastic rod like structure called notochord in  the dorsal axis of the body .

ii)They have red blood due presence of hemoglobin in RBCs.

iii)Reproduction takes place only by sexual method .

iv) It is also further classified into four sub phylum :

1)Hemichordata                 ii)Urochordata 

iii)Cephalochordata          iv) Vertebrata

Sub Phylum :Vertebrata

Characteristics :

i)They vertebral column in their body .

ii)The brain lodged into a box i.e. cranium.

iii)The endoskeleton is made up from bone or cartilage .

iv)All vertebrate have a heart and a closed circulatory system .

v)They may be cold blooded or  worm blooded .

vi) They are oviparous or viviparous .

vii) it is also further divided into 5 classes :

1)Pisces                    2) Amphibia    

3)Reptilia                 4) Aves 

 5)Mammals 

1)Class : Pisces

Characteristics :

i)They have streamline bodies adopted for aquatic life.

ii)Endoskeleton is made up from bone .

iii)Body is covered with scales and respire with gills .

iv)They have fins for locomotion .

v)They have 2 chambered heart .

vi)They are cold blooded ,oviparous ,and fertilization is external .

For example :All types of fishes i.e. rohu, Sea horse, Flying   
                        Fig. Fish                                                             Fig. Sea   Horse

2)Class : Amphibia

Characteristics

i)They live in both land and water ,so also called amphibian.

ii)They have thin moist and smooth skin .

iii)Body is divided into head and trunk .

iv)They have 2 chambered heart .

v)They are cold blooded ,oviparous ,and fertilization is external .

v)They respires through skin and lungs .

For example : Toad ,Hyla( tree frog) ,Frog , salamander etc.       
               Fig. Frog                                                                                      Fig. Hyla

3)Class : Reptilia

Characteristics

i)They are mostly terrestrial and some are aquatics .

ii)body is dry and covered with scales .

iii)They are creeping animal .

iv)They have 3 chambered heart  .

v)They are cold blooded ,oviparous and fertilization is internal .

vi)The body is divided into head ,neck trunk and tail .

For example :Wall lizard , garden lizard , turtle , snake ,squirrel  crocodiles etc.        
                Fig . Wall lizard                                             Fig King Cobra

4)Class :Aves

Characteristics

i)The body is covered with feathers .

ii)The body is divided into head ,neck trunk and tail .

iii)They are worm blooded ,oviparous and fertilization is internal .

iv)They have 4 chambered heart .

v)They have 2 pairs of limbs .The fore limbs are modified into wing and hind limb into wings .

For example :All birds i.e. Parrot ,Pigion, danphe  etc.

     
            Fig.   Pigion                                                                             Fig .Bird     

 5.)  Class :Mammalia

Characteristics

i)They are adopted in all habitat .i.e. land, water and air .

ii)The body is divided into head ,neck ,trunk and tail .

iii)The body is covered with hair .

iv)They have mammary glands .

v)They have 4 chambered heart .

vi)They are worm blooded ,viviparous and fertilization is internal .

For example : Man , Whale , bat ,Rabbit, cow etc.

        
                            Fig. Bat                                                                  Fig.    Goat

1.)Classify the following animals with a suitable characteristics :

1)Chlamydomonas

Classification

Kindom :Plantae

Division :Algae

Example: Chlamydomonas

Characteristics :

i)They are mostly aquatic .

2.)Marchantia 

Classification

Kingdom:Plantae

Division: Bryophyta

Example :Marchantia

Characteristics

i)They are green autotrophic due to presence of chlorophyll.

3.)Fern

Classification

Kingdom:Plantae

Division : Trachaephyta

Sub-division :Pteridophyta

Example: Fern

Characteristics

i)They have vascular tissues i.e. Xylem and Phloem

4) Pinus

Classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Division :  Trachaephyta

Sub-division: Gymnosperm

Example: Pinus

Characteristics

i)They have naked seed ,which are not enclosed in fruit .

5)Mango

Classification

Kingdom :Plantae

Division: Trachaephyta

Sub- division :Gymnosperm

Class : Di cotyledon

Example :Mango

Characteristics

i)They have only two cotyledon in seed .

6.)Rice

Classification

Kingdom :Plantae

 Division: Trachaephyta

Sub-division : Gymnosperm

Class :Monocotyledon

Example: Rice

Characters

i)They have fibrous root .

2.)Classify the following animal with one suitable characteristics .

i)Sponge

Classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum :Porifera

Example: Sponge

Characteristics

i)They are mostly marine  .

2.)Hydra

Classification

Kingdom :plantae

Phylum : Coelenterata

Example : Hydra

Characteristics

i)Tentacles are present in the mouth .

3.)Earthworm

Classification

Kingdom :Animalia

Phylum :Annelida

Example :Eartworm

Characteristics

i)They are hermaphrodite .

4.)Starfish 

Classification

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum: Echinodermata

Example :Starfish

Characteristics

i)They are mostly marine .

5.)Sea horse

Classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Sub- phylum :Vertebrata

Class : Pisces

Characteristics :They respire with gills .

6.)Frog

Classification

Kingdom :Animalia

Phylum :Chordata

Sub-phylum: Vertebrata

Class: Amphibia

Example :Frog

Characteristics:

i)They live in both land and water .

7)Man

Classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Sub-Phylum: Vertebrata

Class :Mammalia

Example :Man

Characteristics

i)They respire with lungs .

Mosquito

 Mosquito

Classification

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum:Arthopoda

Class :Insecta

Example :Mosquito

1.)Introduction

Mosquitoes are harmful insect because they are causes of several diseases i.e. malaria, filarial, encephalitis etc .The division of mosquito is arthropoda,and class insecta.They are generally found in tropical and sub-tropical region (Terai and mountain)of different places i.e.houses, garden ,grasses ponds ,fields in monsoon and spring season .

2.)Structure :

 The body is divided into three parts ie head , thorax and abdomen,head  consist of mouth parts i.e.a pair of compound eyes,antennae,and proboscis but the proboscis of female is larger well developed  than that of male so male mosquito generally feed  juice of flower fruits  but female feed both plant juice as well as blood of man and animal ,thorax consist of 3 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings and abdomen is  wider . There are mainly two types of species of mosquito in nepal i.e. Anopheles mosquito ,culex mosquito .

3.)Life cycle of mosquito :The life cycle of mosquito is completed into 4 stages :

                                                        Fig. Life cycle of mosquito
 1.)Egg :In this stages after fertilization female mosquito lays eggs in the night in the stagnant water i.e. pond, field etc. Female anopheles  mosquito lays about 40 to 100 eggs in clean water. They are separate and boat or spindle shaped but Culex mosquito lays about 300 eggs in dirty water .They are attached together and cigar shaped .The eggs float on the surface of water .

2.)Larva: After 2 to 3 days egss change into larva .Larva are elongated ,hairy ,segmented more active and feeder are also called wrigglers .They eats bacteria and decaying organic matter on the surface of water .The larva of anopheles floats horizontally on the surface water but larva of culex floats hanging downward from the surface of water. The 8^th segments of abdomen consist of respiratory tube or siphon ,the respiratory tube of anopheles is short and wide and culex is large and conical in size .

3.)Pupa :In this stage pupa enclosed in a cover is called puparium. The  growth of pupa  takes place inside the puparium.  .The process of development of insect inside the puparium  is called histogenesis .There is no movement ,no feeding except for occasional tumbling so pupa of mosquito is also called tumbler .The pupa of anopheles are green and have a short respiratory trumpets but culex are colourless and have a long respiratory trumpets .

4.)Adults :At end of pupal life the skin of pupa splits and a young mosquito comes out are called imago It is unable to fly immediately but after some time flies away on air . The body of adult is divided into three parts ie head , thorax and abdomen,head  consist of mouth parts i.e. a pair of compound eyes, antennae, and proboscis but the proboscis of female is larger well developed  than that of male, thorax consist of 3 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings and abdomen is  wider .

Differences between egg, larva , pupa and adult stage of anopheles and culex mosquito :

Anopheles

Culex

A)Egg stage 1.)Eggs are bat shaped having lateral air floats. 2.)They are laid singly . 3.)Anopheles lays about 40 to 100 eggs at a time . 4.)They are found in clean water . B) Larva stage 1)While resting larva remains parallel to the surface of water . 2.)The respiratory tube or siphon is shorter and wider .   C.)Pupa stage 1.)It is green in colour . 2.)Respiratory trumpets are shorter . D)Adult stage 1.)Dark spot are found on wings and can not fly for long time . 2.)Maxilary palp are equal in length with proboscis in male and female . 3.)While resting the body makes an angle with the surface of earth .

1.)Eggs are cigar shaped without lateral air float . 2.)They are laid in groups. 3.)Culex  lays about 300 eggs at a time. 4.)They are found in dirty water .  1.)While resting larva makes an angle with the surface of water by hanging its head downward. 2.)The respiratory tube is longer and conical  1.)It is colourless . 2)Respiratory trumpets are larger .   1.)Wings are transparent and can fly for long time . 2.)Maxilary  palp are shorter in female and larger in male with proboscis . 3.)While resting the body remains parallel with surface of water .

 

Methods of control measures of mosquitoes

i)Thy can be controlled by spraying insecticides in open drains and ditches ,because it destroys eggs ,larva ,and pupa and adult .

ii)They can be controlled by spraying kerosene and petrol ,because larva and pupa die due to blockage of respiratory opening .

iii)They can be controlled by draining the stagnant water .

iv)By poultry of fishes around the houses .

Methods of controls measures mosquito bites

i)By using mosquito net ,mosquito cream .

ii)By burning mosquito mat .

iii)By using mosquito insecticides around the house .

iv) By removing the stagnant water around the house .

Methods of transmission of malaria by mosquitoes

Malaria  is caused due to the infection of  plasmodium  in our blood .When female anopheles mosquito bites an infected person ,1000 of  malarial  parasites in the form of sporozoites are sucked up along with blood meal. Then malarial  parasite complete a part of its life cycle in the body of mosquito .When such infected female anopheles mosquito bites a healthy person ,1000 of sporozoites along with saliva enter into the blood stream ,where they grow, develop and reproduces .In this way female anopheles  mosquitoes spread malaria .