Grade :-8 (Science) :Environment degradation and its Conservation

 

Unit :-23   Environmental    degradation and its Conservation

Environmental pollution : The degradation of one or more components due to natural and artificial causes is called environmental pollution .

Environmental management: The proper management of causative factors of environmental pollution to bring improvement in environmental conservation is called environmental management .

Types of pollution: There are   mainly  5 types of pollution:

A.)Air pollution: The condition of degrading of natural quality of air due to mixing of different pollutants in atmosphere is called air pollution.

Sources of  or causes air pollution: They are 2 types :

i.)Natural sources : The sources which are originated directly from nature are called natural sources. For example :Volcanic eruption, forest fire, soil erosion, vapoure  released by plants .etc.

ii.)Artificial sources : The sources which are not naturally made but caused due to human activities are called artificial sources .For example: carbondioxide(CO₂),carbonmonoxide(CO),Nitrogendioxide(NO₂),Sulpherdioxide(SO₂),wastages from vehicles etc.

Effects of air pollution:  The majors effects due to air pollution are given below.

i)Reduction in visibility .

ii)Reduction in solar radiation.

iii)Green house effects.

iv)Acid rain.

 V)Depletion of ozone layers .

vi)Climate change and destruction of historical monuments.

vii)Inhibition in growth of plants

viii)Bad effect on human health i.e. burning of oesophagus ,nose,heart diseases, cancer etc.

Control measures of air pollution: The air pollution can be controlled by following ways:

i)Filters should be used in industries to remove toxic gases.

ii)Industries should be far from human settlements .

iii)Controlling rapid growth population.

iv)Establishments of atomic power plant should be banned.

v) Afforestation and conservation of them.

vii)Conducting various awareness programs about controlling air pollution.

B)Water pollution: The condition of degrading of natural quality of water due to mixing of different pollutants in water resources is called water pollution .

Sources   or causes of water pollution: They are 2 types :

i)Natural sources : The sources which are originated directly from nature are called natural sources. For example : Natural disaster ,Gases, soil, humus, wastages created by living organism present in water and minerals likes sodium, potassium ,calcium lead ,mercury etc.

ii)Artificial sources: The sources which are not naturally made but caused due to human activities are called artificial sources .For example:

i)Agriculture wastages

ii)Household detergents and sewage water(water soil).

iii)Contaminated wastages from industries.

iv)Hot water from industries .

v)Oily water pollution .i.e. leakage of oil from ship.

vi)Bursting of drainage pipe.

Effects of water pollution: The majors effects of water pollution are given below:

i)It causes of different diseases i.e. Diarrhoea, cholera, hepatitis A and B typhoid etc.

ii)Drinking of water excessive level of nitrate causes of  lower in blood vessels.

iii)Water  lower the oxygen level in water that effects aquatic plants and animals .

iv)Polluted water produced bad smell.

Controls measures of water pollution: Water pollution can be controlled by following ways:

i)By managing waste disposal and sewage treatment.

ii)Reducing excessive use of fertilizer and pesticides.

iii)By treating industrial wastage before discharging into water.

iv)Afforestation and conservation of forest.

v) Stopping movement of domestic animal near water resources.

 C.)Soil  or Land pollution: The condition of degrading of natural quality of soil due to mixing of different pollutants in the soil  is called soil pollution .

Sources  causes of soil pollution:

i)Household wastages.

ii)Excessive uses of chemical fertilizer and pesticides to the soil.

iii)Municipal wastages .

iv)Acid rain that increase the acidic property of soil.

v)Dust particles from mine and industries .

vi)Industrial wastages i.e. lead ,mercury ,copper etc.that degrade the quality of soil.

 

Effects of soil pollution :  The major  effects of soil pollution are given below:

i)Dust particles from mine and industries causes of lung disorder, and destroy plants life.

ii)Acid rain and chemical fertilizer decreases the crops production.

iii)Polluted land also. pollute water resources

iv)Industrial wastages thrown into soil show toxic effects on the organism.

v)Soil pollution due plastic causes of cancer, skin diseases etc.

Control measures of soil pollution :Soil pollution can be controlled by following ways :

i)The uses of chemical fertilizer must be replaced by compost manure .

ii)The use of chemical pesticides and indectisides must be minimized.

iii)The loss of soil due to soil erosion, land slide ,flood should be replaced by afforestation .

iv)Conducting agriculture activities by  agro- forest system.

v)Public awareness should be generated to reduce soil pollution .

vi)Polluted water should not be used for irrigation .

D)Noise pollution:-Any unwanted sound at a wrong place at a wrong time is called noise pollution.

Or the mixing of unwanted sound to the environment is called noise pollution.

Causes of noise pollution :

i)Market places ,crowded  places ,and industries areas are causes of noise pollution .

ii)Different constructional places are the causes of noise pollution .

iii)Loud voice operated radio and loudspeaker causes of noise pollution.

Effects of noise pollution:-

1.It causes of annoyance(irritation)

2.It increase blood pressure in human being.

3.It increase nerve disorder and headache.

4.It produces unnecessary mental stress.

Control measure of noise pollution:-

1.It can be controlled by minimize running loudspeaker, radio,& other musical instruments system.

2.It can be controlled by using silencers with automobiles and machines.

3.It can be controlled by banning the air horns.

4.The level of noise pollution can be reduced by plantation along the road side.

Green house effect: The increase of temperature of earth by trapping the solar heat in earth by green house gases( i.e.CO_2,N₂O,CH₄,CFC_s and water vapour) is called green house effect

Effects of green house:

i)It causes the skin and eye cancer .

ii)It help spreading diseases like malaria, filarial ,etc.

iii)It help to increase temperature and which effect water cycle and reduce production of crops .

iv)Global warming is caused by green house effect so snow of polar will melt and it will increase sea by which Island may disappear  in ocean .

v)It causes the increase surface temperature of earth and living being can survive on earth surface.

Methods of controlling green house effects:

i)by reducing use of fossil fuels .

ii)By increasing afforestation .

iii)By banning use of CFC_s.

 Climate change:  The change in weather condition of certain place due to atmospheric and natural factors is called climate change.

Causes of climate change : The cause of climate change are as following:

i)Release of green house gases .

ii)Industrialization.

iii)Deforestation .

iv)Increase in temperature.

v)Volcanic eruption.

vi)Over use of chemical fertilizer.

Effects of climate change: The effects of climate change are as following :

i)It melt snow of polar region and sea level increase .

ii)It decreases the agriculture  production and change the crops pattern.

iii)It effect the water cycle .

iv)It decreases the amount of fresh water .

Acid rain: The rain containing small amount of acid in it formed from gases like Sulpher dioxide (SO₂),carbon dioxide (CO₂),Nitrogen dioxide(NO₂) etc. present is atmosphere is called acid rain

Effects of acid rain:

i)Acid rain damages the building and sculptural materials i.e.lime stone and marbles .

ii)It causes of the loss of nutrients from plant foliage and it damages the leaves and trees.

iii)It remove basic nutrients i.e. calcium from soil.

iv)It increase the acidity of soil  that reduce the fertility of soil.

v)it also damages the lot of crops ,plants etc.

Disaster :The sudden events which have very unfortunate consequences are called disaster .

Types of disaster :There are two types of disaster :

1.)Natural disaster :The disaster which are caused by nature are called disasters :For example :Earth quake , floods, landslide, volcano eruption etc.

2.)Anthropogenic disaster :The disaster which are caused by human activities are called  anthropogenic disaster .For example :Deforestation ,chemical accidents, fire, vehicles accident etc.

Causes of disaster :

i.)Deforestation and over grazing .

ii)The extraction of ores unscientifically .

iii)Various activities i.e. constructions of drains, roads,factories.

iv)Over urbanization

v)Over population .

Mitigating (Niunikrn)measure and management of disaster :The management of disasters and mitigating measure should be designed on the basis of causes of disasters .The main mitigating measures and management are as follow:

i)Development of public awareness and pre –preparation .

ii)Rescue of the affected people .

iii)Help, rehabilitation (punaristhapna),and relief to the affected people .

iv)Mobilization of help in a proper way .

Earth quake :The sudden and violent shaking or vibrating of the earth’s surface is called earth quake .

Measures for earthquake management :

i)The earthquake resistant building should be constructed .

ii)Identification of a safe place in and out of the building should be done ,that protect us  during earthquake.

iii)Keep and emergency bag with torch ,an  FM radio, first aid box, some dry food etc.

iv)Some open space should be kept at different places of cities .

Safety measures before earthquake :

i)Earthquake resistant building should be constructed.

ii)Old building should be retrofitted.

iii)Keep emergency ready bag with a torch ,an FM radio, a first aid box, some dry foods etc .

iv)The door of the building ,schools, cinema  halls etc. should be made to be outwards .

Safety measures during an earthquake :

i)If we are near the gate ,we can go to the safe place .

ii)We can hide ourselves under the bed ,table , door etc.

iii)Vehicles should be parked in safe place .

iv)We should not jump out of the window and other places .

Safety measures after an earthquake :

i)We have to be in safe place after an earthquake .

ii)If we gets injured ,treatment should be done .

iii)We have  to listen to the radio, and watch TV and follow the public instruction during the period of disaster .

Flood :The over flow of water from river, lake, ocean and canals  which enters our cultivatable land and settlements is called flood.

Landslide :The collapse  of mass of earth  or rocks from a mountain ,hill or cliff is called landslide .

Safety measures during flood and landside :

i)We should stay at a safe place.

ii)We should not try to cross a flooded river and stream .

iii)If rivers and streams have been blocked by slided rodks and other sediments we should inform people immediately.

Safety measures after and before flood and landslide :

i)Afforestation is the best preventive measures for flood and landslide .

ii)Construction of houses should be avoided at flood and landslide .

iii)Suitable planning for information of disaster and rescue operation should be made.

iv)We should help  the victims after and during disaster .

Safety measures for risk reduction and fire management :

i)Matches, lighters, etc. should be stored out of the reach of  childrens.

ii)Electric wiring should be done by using quality wires and its maintenance must be done properly.

iii)Cigarette  butts should be thrown after putting themout.

iv)Knobs of gas stoves , and regulators must be kept closed after their uses .

Epidemics :The diseases which spreads very fast and causes of the death of large number of people is called epidemics .

For example :Cholera, AIDS, Swin flu etc .

Safety measures for risk reduction and management of epidemics :

i)Conduction of sanitation and vaccination program should be done in time .

ii)Source of water should be kept safe .

iii)The insects and other animals help o spread epidemics must be controlled by applying different method.

Environmental  conservation :The process by which we can maintain  the balance among living  beings and their surrounding and minimize the degradation of environmental elements is called environmental conservation .

Measures of environmental conservation :The major methods of environmental conservation are as follows :

i)Public awareness should be developed .

ii)Afforestation should be done on bare land .

iii)Water resources should be conserved .

iv)Soil conservation should be done .

v)Environmental  pollution should be controlled .

vi)Cultural resources should be conserved .

vii)Environmental sanitation should be done .

viii)Public participation should be increased .

National and inter national Organization for the Conservation of Environment :The national and inter national  organization involved in  environmental conservation are as follows :

1.)National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC): National Trust for Nature Conservation was established in 2039 B.S. The main objective of this trust are as follows :

i)To Balance the natural resources and daily human needs of its establishment .

ii)To conserve and manage national and cultural assets and project them from the adverse effects of environmental degradation .

2.)Inter National Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN): Inter National Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources was established in 1948 A.D. The main objectives of this organization are as follows :

i)To conserve the natural solidarity  of nature and it’s diversity .

ii)To co-operate ,inspire ,encourage scientist ,communities and nations to full fill the target of the organization .

Activities doing by IUCN in Nepal :

i)Helping in forming and implementation of curriculum and text books .

ii)Designing instructional materials .

iii)Making environmental policies, planning and program .

iv)Conducting project of wildlife conservation areas .

3.)World wise Fund for Nature (WWF) : World wise Fund for Nature was established in 1961 A.D. The main objectives of this organization are as follows :

i)Conserving the World‘s bio-diversity .

ii)Promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption .

4.)United Nation Environment Program (UNEP): United Nation Environment Program was established in 1972 A.D. UNEP decided to celebrate 5^th June as world Environment day. The main objectives or mission of this organization are as follows :

i)To provide leadership and encourage partnership in carrying for the environment .

ii)It inspire ,inform, and enables nation and people to improve their quality of life .

5.)International  Center for Integrated Mountain Development   (ICIMOD): International  Center for Integrated Mountain Development  was established in 1983 A.D. In this program works 8 countries i.e. China ,Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan ,Myanmar,   Bhutan, and Afghanistan . The main objectives or mission of this organization are as follows :

i)Conducting various program for the environmental ,Social, and Cultural diversity in the Mountainous region .

ii)To given emphasis to co-ordinate among national and international organization to meet the target of the organization .