Scientific study /Grade-9 (New Course)

    Scientific study              Grade -   9 (Science )

Unit                                                     Topics
1                                               Scientific study

                              Specification Grid  -2074 
 Division of 23 marks in Knowledge(K) ,Understanding(Un), Application(AP), and Higher abilities(HA) types of questions 

Areas	S.N.	Units	Total no. of questions & their marks					Remarks
			K-20%	Un-35%	Ap-24%	HA-21%	Total
Physics	1 2 3 4 5 6 7	Measurement Force Machine Work, Energy and Power Light Sound Current Electricity & Magnetism	5x1= 5	4x2= 8	2x3= 6	1x4= 4	23 marks	Physics-56+ Chemistry-56+ Biolog-56+ Geology &Astronomy-12 Periods=180 periods
	6		5	8	6	4	23 marks

Scholastic Areas  :-Grading on 9 points Scale

S.N.	Marks range	Grade	Attributes	Grade Points	Remarks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9	90 to 100 80 to below 90 70 to below 80 60 to below 70 50 to below 60 40 to below 50 40 to below 50 30 to below 40 0 to below 20	A+ A B+ B C+ C D+ D E	Outstanding Excellent Very good Good Satisfactory Acceptable Partially Acceptable Insufficient Very insufficient	4.0 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8	The minimum qualifying grade in all subjects under scholastic Domain Is C

Unit : One(1)  Scientific Study

Science process skills:  The fundamental abilities and techniques which are  used in scientific inquiry and investigation. are called science process skill.It help the individuals to think critically, make observations, gather and analyze data, form hypotheses, design experiments, and draw conclusions based on evidence.   
There are 6 basic science process skills: (1) observation, (2) Classification, (3) Inference(to explain), (4)Measurement , (5) , (6)Prediction , 

 

.1.Observation:The  process of collecting information about an object or event is called observation . The ability of good observation are essential in learning. It help to develop to  other process skill i.e. communicating ,classifying, measuring, inference and predicting.it help to act activities using our five senses and special tools i.e.telescope,microscope etc.There are two types of observations: qualitative and quantitative.  A qualitative observation describes a quality of an object, such as color smells tastes feels. A quantitative observation describes the amount of an object, for example volume or mass.

  

2.Communication : The process of sending and receiving of information about an object or event is known as communication.   Communication requires a sender and a receiver. It help for communicate in order to share their observation with other .,Person can communicate their observation verbally, in writing, by drawing picture ,graph , chart, maps diagram and visual demonstrations.

3.Classification: The systematic arrangement of the objects in groups or categories according to their fixed criteria  is known as classification. After making observation it is important to notice similarities and differences  under classification. For example :classification of living and non living .

4.Measuring:The process of comparing unknown physical quantity with known  standard physical quantity is known as measuring . It help us classify and communicate with other. For example learner will find the mass of different liquid that have the same volume .

5.Inference :  A conclusion or opinion or explanation that is logically formed through observation, facts,  and evidence is known as Inference .It is a link between what is observed and what is already known . For example :The learner will write a conclusion at the end of each investigation .

 

6.Prediction :A guess about what might happen in the future, based on observations that you make is called prediction  .Predicting is closely related to other process skills such as observing, inferring, and classifying. 

Examples of predictions:

• It is cloudy, so I predict it is going to rain today.
• If I flip the switch, I predict the light will turn on
• Scientific learning :A systematic and objective efforts to solve a problem or question is called scientific learning."

Goals of Scientific learning:
1. Scientific research starts with asking a question.
2. Purpose of research is to get answers of that question.
Stages of scientific learning:The scientific research includes the following five major steps:
1 Observation
2. Hypothesis
3.Theory
4.Experiments
4.Law
1.OBSERVATION:The process of observing natural phenomenon with the help of five senses and the scientific equipment is called observation.
2. HYPOTHESIS: The explanation of observation and facts is called hypothesis.
3. THEORY: If the hypothesis is accepted it is called theory.
4. EXPERIMENT: Experiments are designed to test the theory. The theory is checked by an experiment.
5. LAW: If predicated results are obtained by experiments, the theory is supposed to be correct and then this theory becomes a law.

  

Fields of science:The following fields are the major fields of science:

1-Biology: The study of living organisms,is called Biology. The word biology is derived from the greek words /bios/ meaning /life/ and /logos/ meaning /study/ so  the study of life and living organisms is known as Biology. It help us to know how living things work, and how they functions, and interact on multiple level. It consist of following branches ,occupational opportunities ,and main achievement.
Occupational opportunities: 1.Agriculture2.Scientist 3.Vetenary 4.Doctor 5.Genetic Engineer

Main Achievement:1.Operation,2.Cloning(
exact genetic copies of living things.) 3.Transplantation 4.Test tube baby 5.Hybrid organism development. 
Branches: 1.Zoology,2.Botany 3.Genetics 4.Agriculture,5.Medical science

2-Physics :The branch of science consisting the study of  nature, structure and properties of  physical quantity and energy  is called Physics. It consist of following branches ,occupational opportunities ,and main achievement.
Branches: 1.Nuclear Physics 2.Atomics Physics 3.Optics 4.Astro physics 5.Modern physics 6.Engineering 7.Radiography
Occupational opportunities:1.Civil Engineer 2.Mechanical Engineer 3.Electrical engineer 4.Radiologist
Main Achievement:Engineer 2.Microscope 3.X-ray 4.Information and technology

3-Chemistry :The branch of  science consisting the study of matter and analyzing its  composition, structure, behaviour and properties to see what happens when they change in chemical reaction  is known as Chemistry. It consist of following branches ,occupational opportunities ,and main achievement.

Branches:1.Organic chemistry 2.Inorganic chemistry. 3.Physical Chemistry 4.Bio chemistry
Occupational opportunities:1.Chemist 2.Formacologist
Main Achievement:1.Medicine 2.Vaccine 

Interconnected  subject field : The specific field of science which are formed by  combination knowledge of physic chemistry and biology  is called  interconnected or related  subject .It consist of following branches ,occupational opportunities ,and main achievement.

Branches:1.Geology :The branch of science  consisting the study of  the physical structure and substance of the earth, their history, and the processes which act on them is known as geology.

2.Astronomy:    The branch of science consisting the study of everything in the universe beyond Earth's atmosphere is called Astronomy.

3.Environmental Science :The branch of   science that help to study environmental problems and human impacts on the environments. 

Occupational opportunities:1.Geologist 2.Astronomer 3.Environmentalist 

Main Achievement:1.Weather Forecast 2.Heavenly bodies 3.Enviromental conversation

Precautions to be taken while performing experiments  in a laboratory :

1.Experiment should be done in presence of a teacher.

2.Inform to the teacher in case of accident.

3.we should know much about the instrument before we use it.

4.We should use chemicals in right amount.

5.We should keep the window open while conducting any experiment .

6.We should always inform to the teachers ,if we have to strong acid .

7.We should not test the the chemicals. 

8.We should clean the apparatus.

9.We should clean our hand with soap after the experiment.

The advantages and challenges of Science and Technology.

Advantages :

• 1.The improvement of productivity.
• 2.Better and easier communication between people.
• 3.Saves time in processes and tasks.
• 4.Allows Remote Education.
• 5.Cheaper Manufacturing of Products.
• 6.Artificial Intelligence Can Make Lives Easier and Solve Complex Problems.
• 7.It will make our life easier.
• 8.It helps us to better know and understand other cultures and societies.
• 
  
• Challenges:
• 1.Man had misused the technology and used in destructive purpose.
• 2.Man is doing illegal things by using it.
• 3.New Technology like mobile, I-pods etc are creating bad effect on children.
• 4.Terrorist are using modern technology for their destructive work.
• 5.It can be easily  handled by irresponsible people.
• 6.It destroys our simple and healthy life.
• 7.Some time it affects our health and our lifestyles.
• 8.Invasion(Control) of our private life.
• The advantage and challenges of science and technology according to fields:
• 1. In education fields development of computer, mobile ,ICT and challenges are addition in games ,less social activities, less physical activities.
• 2.In health fields development of medicine, lab test, X-ray, video x-ray and challenges are bad effects on health due to over use of medicine, cancer due to radiation.
• 3.In transportation fields development of Rail, car, Jeep, plane, and challenges are environment pollution.
• 4.In Agriculture field development of chemical fertilizer, insecticides, advanced species. 
• 5.In industry and factory fields  production of goods, luxurious life, and challenges are pollution ,global warming, climate change.
• 6.In artificial intelligence, Robots field  development automatic system and less burden to human and challenges are unemployment, dullnees of mind criminal activities 

Scientific measurement :The process of comparing unknown physical quantity with known standard physical quantity is known as measurement. Here unknown quantity quantity denote to quantity whose value is unknown or numeric value (n) and  known or standard known quantity denote to the unit on which measurement is done or unit (u) .

Therefore  mathematically measurement  of quantity =   numeric value (n) x unit (u)  or Q =nxu

Scientific Notation : The process of presentation of very large numbers or very small numbers in a simple form is knowns as scientific notation. It is difficult to represent a few number in their expanded form .Hence we use scientific notation, for example :100000000 can be written as 10⁸ ,which is the scientific notation and exponent is positive ,similarly, 0.0000001is very number which can be written as 10^-8  and the exponent is negative .
Scientific  notation are written with three parts
 For example 345.445 x 10⁴   
 1) Coefficient =345.445  2.base =10    3.power or exponent =4    and .445 is known as mantissa
 
Rules for writing scientific notation .
1.Scientific notation will always consist of a multiplied by a power of ten .
2.The exponent must be a non zero that means it can be either positive or negative.
3.Cofficient can be positive or negative number including whole and decimal number .
2.The mantissa carries the rest of the significant digit of the number.
i) If the given number is multiplies of  10 then the decimal points has to move to the left and the of  10 will be positive  ,the power of ten should be increased by one in each shift .For example:
1.6000 =6x10³
2.   12345
=1234.5×10¹        =123.45×10²      =12.345×10³      =1.2345×10⁴
ii) If the given number is smaller than 1 ,then the decimal point has to move the right and the of 10 will be negative ,the power of ten should be increased by minus one in each shift .
0.00034 =34 x 0.00001 =34x10^-5
=0.0034×10^_1         =0.034×10^_2       =0.34×10^_3     =3.4×10^_4
 Matrix prefixes :A convenient way of expressing multiples and sub division of any defined unit is called matrix prefixes. In matrix prefixes multiplying or dividing by 10,100,1000 etc. For example the prefix

Tetra(T) =10^12μ
Giga (G)means   = 10⁹
Mega(M) means=10⁶
 kilo means(k) =1000 = 10³
Hecto means(h) =100,    =10²
Deca means(da orD) =10 = 10¹
Meter/Gram/Litre 
and Deci(d) means=1/10
Centi(c) means=1/100
Milli(m) means=1/1000
Micro(μ) means=  10^-3
 Nano(n) means= 10^-6
Pico(p) means =10-¹²

Some small and large measurement :
1-Size of prokaryotes=10^-4 mm  –10mm
2-Size of Eukaryotes=10^{-6  μm} – 10^-4μm 
3-Size of molecules =10^-9 nm
4-Size of atom=10^-10 nm
5-Velocity of light=3x10⁸ m/s
6-Mass of earth=6x10²⁴ kg
7-Mass of sun=2x10³⁰ kg

Least count: The smallest value that can be measured by a measuring instrument is called least count .For example:
1.In scale: 1cm =10 small parts 
Least count =1/10 =0.1cm =1mm

Precise:  The closeness of two or more measurements to each other is known as precise. For example , if you weigh a given substance five times, and get 3.2 kg each time, then your measurement is very precise. The precision of an instrument is inversely proportional to its least count.